- Solutions1. What is the pH of 0.1 M solution of sodium acetate?The pH of a 0.1 M solution of sodium acetate is 4.75. Notes1. Atomic Structure:• Atomic structure is the study of the components of an atom and its organization.• It includes the protons, neutrons, electrons and the force that binds them together.• It also involves the study of the various subatomic particles and their properties.2. Chemical Bonding:• Chemical bonding is the force that holds atoms and molecules together.• It is the result of the attraction between the positively charged nucleus of one atom and the negatively charged electrons of another atom.• Types of chemical bonds include covalent, ionic, hydrogen and metallic.3. Chemical Reactions:• Chemical reactions are processes that involve the breaking and forming of bonds between atoms.• They can result in the creation of new substances or the transformation of existing substances.• Reactions occur when the energy of the reactants is greater than the energy of the products.4. Chemical Equilibrium:• Chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.• It occurs when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.• Equilibrium can be affected by changes in temperature, pressure or the concentration of reactants or products.5. Solutions and Colloids:• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.• Colloids are mixtures of two or more substances in which one substance is dispersed in the other.• Solutions and colloids can be classified as either gaseous, liquid or solid.

Biology in Class 12 is divided into two sections: Botany and Zoology.In Botany, topics covered include:1. Cell: Structure and Function 2. Genetics and Evolution 3. Reproduction 4. Biology and Human Welfare 5. Plant Physiology 6. Biotechnology and Its Applications 7. Ecology and EnvironmentIn Zoology, topics covered include:1. Structural Organisation in Animals 2. Locomotion and Reproduction in Animals 3. Human Physiology 4. Biochemistry of Animals 5. Human Health and Diseases 6. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 7. Molecular Basis of Inheritance